Evidence from HIV sequencing for blood-borne transmission in Africa

Abstract

Background: The consensus view that heterosexual transmission dominates human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa survives side-by-side with surveys and studies reporting infections in children with HIV-negative mothers, in virgins, and in adolescents and adults who claim no possible sexual exposure to HIV.

Aim: In this scoping review, we aim to show what phylogenetic analyses of HIV sequences say about the possible contribution of blood-borne transmission to HIV epidemics.

Setting: The focus was on sub-Saharan Africa.

Method: The authors conducted a search on PubMed and other platforms for studies reporting phylogenetic analyses of HIV in blood samples collected from at least 100 infected adults through community-based surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. They focussed on identifying information pertinent to assessing blood-borne transmission.

Results: Sixteen reports met the search criteria and provided information to assess blood-borne transmission. In five studies, similar HIV sequences from (reported or assumed) household couples identified a likely heterosexual source for 0.3% – 7.5% of community adults with sequenced HIV. In 10 studies, a median of 43% of sequence pairs linked two people of the same sex. Two studies report clusters of recent infections too large to be easily explained by sexual transmission.

Conclusion: Evidence from sequencing agrees with much other evidence that blood-borne HIV transmission is not rare in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence also allows that blood-borne transmission could be making a major contribution to Africa’s HIV epidemics.

Contribution: Evidence of harm is sufficient to stimulate discussions about what more could be done to address this continuing problem.