The effect of beetroot juice (<em>Beta Vulgaris L.</em>) supplementation on ṼO2max of youth soccer athletes

Fajar Rachman Adji; Zaenal M. Sofro; Mirza Hapsari

doi:10.4081/jphia.2022.2406

Authors

Fajar Rachman Adji Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
Zaenal M. Sofro Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
Mirza Hapsari Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Soccer athletes’ performance is influenced by perfect ṼO2max. However, athletes often receive rigorous exercise without being supported by proper nutrition which can lead to oxidative stress. It is necessary to maintain performance by supplementing beetroot juice which contains betalains and inorganic nitrates so that oxidative stress can be controlled. This research is aimed to determine the effect of beetroot juice on the ṼO2max of soccer athletes. By using true experimental with randomized pre-test post-test control group design, 16 healthy males aged 16-19 years old were divided into two groups, treatment, and control. Data were analyzed by independent sample t-test and paired t-test. There is a significant difference in weight and body mass index (p<0.05). There is no significant difference in age, height, pre-body fat, post-body fat, Δbody fat, nutrition intake, school hours, sleep hours, and physical exercise as well as ṼO2max before and after intervention (p>0.05). There is a significant difference in ṼO2max change in both groups (p<0.05). Thus, both beetroot juice and placebo significantly affected the increase of ṼO2max levels in soccer athletes.

Abdillah, Fauzi Trijunaidi, Saichudi, and I Nengah Sudjana. (2015). Survei Tingkat Kapasitas Oksigen Maksimal Atlet PORPROV Kota Batu 2015. Jurnal Sport Science, Vol. 4, No. 3, [130-140]

Sanjaya, Ardila Aji. (2015). Perbedaan Kapasitas ṼO2 Maksimum antara Pemain Depan, Tengah, dan Belakang Anggota Forum Komunikasi Antar Sekolah Sepak Bola Usia 17 Kabupaten Cilacap. (Skripsi). Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abraham. (2012). Analisis Tingkat ṼO2maks pada Atlet Sepak Bola di PPLP Sulawesi Selatan. Competitor, No. 2 Year 4, June 2012

Stolen, Tomas, Karim Chamari, Carlo Castagna, and Ulrik Wisloff. (2005). Physiology of Soccer an Update. Sports Med; 35 (6): 501-36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004

Souza, Tacito Pessoa de, Paula Roberto de Oliveira, and Benedito Pereira. (2005). Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Effect of Intense Physical Exercise on The Urinary Chemiluminescence and Plasmatic Malondialdehyde. The Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte Vol. 11, No. 1 – Jan-Fev

Atashak, S. and H. Sharafi. (2013). Plasma Malondialdehyde Response to Aerobic Exercise After T. polium Supplementation. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2013, 3(2): 499-502

Kuzniak, Krajka V, Paluszczak, J., Szaefer, H., and Baer-Dubowska, W. (2013). Betanin, a Beetroot Component, Induces Nuclear Factor, Erythroid-2-related-factor, 2-mediated Expression of Detoxifying or Antioxidant Enzymes in Human Liver Cell Lines. British Journal Nutrition. 110, 2138–2149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513001645

Ormsbee, Michael J., Jon Lox, and Paul J Arciero. (2013). Beetroot Juice and Exercise Performance. Nutrition and Dietary Dovepress; Nutrition and Dietary Supplements 2013: 5 27–35

Wylie, Lee J., Lee J. Wylie, James Kelly, Stephen J. Bailey, Jamie R. Blackwell, Philip F. Skiba, Paul G. Winyard, Asker E. Jeukendrup, Anni Vanhatalo, and Andrew M. Jones. (2013). Beetroot Juice and Exercise: Pharmacodynamic and Dose-response Relationships. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013;115(3): 325–336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013

Lansley, Katherine E., Paul G. Winyard, Jonathan Fulford, Anni Vanhatalo, Stephen J. Bailey, Jamie R. Blackwell, Fred J. DiMenna, Mark Gilchrist, Nigel Benjamin, and Andrew M. Jones. (2011). Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Reduces the O2 Cost of Walking and Running: A Placebo-controlled Study. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;110(3): 591–600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010

Kanner J., Harel S, and Granit R. (2001). Betalains – a New Class of Dietary Cationized Antioxidants. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2001;49(11): 5178–5185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010456f

Cermak, Naomi M., Martin J. Gibala, and Luc J.C. van Loon. (2012). Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement of 10-km Time-trial Performance in Trained Cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Exercise, and Metabolism. 2012;22(1): 64–71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.64

Pinna, Marco; Silvana Roberto, Raffaele Milia, Elisabetta Marongiu, Sergio Olla, Andrea Loi, Gian Mario Migliaccio, Johnny Padulo, Carmine Orlandi, Filippo Tocco, Alberto Concu, and Antonio Crisafulli. (2014). Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Aerobic Response during Swimming. Nutrients, 6: 605-615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020605

Sanrebayu, Aminuddin S., Wahiduddin, and Safruddin. (2020). The Effect of Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) on Hemoglobin Levels and VO2max Atlet Value. South Asian Research Journal of Nursing and Healthcare, Vol. 2, Issue 1

Sinaga, F.A., Rosmaini H., Marsal R., Deni R.M., Jumadin I.P., and Roni S. (2019). Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Bit (Beta Vulgaris L) selama Latihan terhadap Kadar Malondialdehide dan Status Antioksidan Atlet. Sains Olahraga: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keolahragaan, Vol. 3, No. 2, ISSN 2580-5150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/so.v3i2.15202

Mirza Hapsari S.T.P.; M. Juffrie, Toto S., and Zaenal M. Sofro. (2017). Correlation Between Nutritional Status and Lifestyle for Youth Soccer Athlete Performance: A Cohort Study. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 1680-5194

Laxmi C.C., Udaya IB, and Vinutha Shankar S. (2014). Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Healthy Males. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2014 I ISSN 2250-3153

Safa Anwar and Majumi M. Noohu. (2016). Correlation of Percentage Body Fat and Muscle Mass with Anaerobic and Aerobic Performance in Collegiate Soccer Players. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 60(2): 137–144

Maqsalmina M. (2007). Pengaruh Latihan Aerobik terhadap Perubahan ṼO2maks pada Siswa Sekolah Sepak Bola Tugu Muda Semarang Usia 12-14 Tahun. (Skrispi). Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

Reilly T. and Thomas V. (1979). Estimated Daily Energy Expenditures of Professional Association Footballers. Ergonomics, 22: 541–548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137908924638

Anderson L., Orme P., Naughton R.J., Close G.L., Milsom J., Rydings D., O’Boyle A., Di Michele R., Louis J., and Hambley C. (2017). Energy Intake and Expenditure of Professional Soccer Players of the English Premier League: Evidence of Carbohydrate Periodization. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Exercise Metabolism. 1–25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0259

Hord N.G., Tang Y., and Bryan N.S. (2009). Food Sources of Nitrates and Nitrites: The Physiologic Context for Potential Health Benefits. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009, 90, 1–10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131

Oliveira, César Chaves, Diogo Ferreira, Carlos Caetano, Diana Granja, Ricardo Pinto, Bruno Mendes, and Mónica Sousa. (2017). Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer Sports, 5, 28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020028

Clark V.R., Hopkins W.G., Hawley J.A., and Burke L. (2000). Placebo Effect of Carbohydrate Feeding during a 40-km Cycling Time Trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 32: 1642-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009000-00019

Foster C., Felker H., Porcari J.P., Mikat R., and Seebach E. (2004). The Placebo Effect on Exercise Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, May; 36 Suppl. 5: S171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00817

Porcari J.P., Otto J., Felker H., et al. (2006). The Placebo Effect on Exercise Performance. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Prevention, Jul/Aug; 26 (Pt 4): 269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200607000-00067

Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., Ruiz-Moreno C., Aguilar-Navarro M., Muñoz A., Varillas-Delgado D., Amaro-Gahete F.J., Roberts, J.D., and Del Coso J. (2021). Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Substrate Oxidation during Exercise. Nutrients, 13, 782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030782

Donald D. Price, Damien G. Finniss, and Fabrizio Benedetti. (2008). A Comprehensive Review of the Placebo Effect: Recent Advances and Current Thought. Annual Review Psychology, 59: 2.1 – 2.26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941

Fillah F. Dieny, Deny Y.F., Binar P., and Iqlima S. (2017). Pengaruh Pemberian Sari Umbi Bit (Beta vulgaris) terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin dan Performa Atlet Sepak Bola. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia, 5 (2), 119-126 ISSN: 1858-4942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.5.2.119-126

Astrand, Per-Olof, Kaare Rodahl, Hans A. Dahl, and Sigmund B. Strome. (2003). Textbook of Work Physiology, Physiological Bases of Exercise, Fourth Edition. Canada: Human Kinetics

Adji, F. R., Sofro, Z. M., & Hapsari, M. (2022). The effect of beetroot juice (<em>Beta Vulgaris L.</em>) supplementation on ṼO2max of youth soccer athletes. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 13(s2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2022.2406