Review Article

Dietary interventions and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Anesu Marume, Exgratia Chidoko, Joconiah Chirenda
Journal of Public Health in Africa | Vol 16, No 1 | a1325 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jphia.v16i1.1325 | © 2025 Anesu Marume, Exgratia Chidoko, Joconiah Chirenda | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 13 February 2025 | Published: 26 June 2025

About the author(s)

Anesu Marume, Department of Global Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Exgratia Chidoko, Department of Global Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Joconiah Chirenda, Department of Global Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract

Background: Advances in science and technology have significantly improved global living conditions, enhancing overall quality of life. However, these changes have also contributed to lifestyle shifts marked by reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviour, and altered dietary patterns fueling overnutrition and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Among these, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased sharply over the past three decades, placing a burden on healthcare systems.

Aim: This meta-analysis investigates the effectiveness of dietary interventions in managing T2DM and identifies nutritional strategies associated with improved glycaemic outcomes.

Setting: The review includes studies conducted globally in community and health facility settings.

Method: Peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and December 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies focused on dietary interventions for T2DM management. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis, with effect sizes computed using R Studio. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.

Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Dietary interventions significantly improved glycaemic control (mean difference: −0.30%; 95% CI: –0.45 to –0.15), despite high heterogeneity (I2 = 93.4%). Interventions focused solely on diet showed a modest effect (MD: –0.17%; 95% CI: –0.33 to –0.00), while intensive lifestyle interventions demonstrated a significantly higher impact (MD: –0.25%; 95% CI: –0.41 to –0.09).

Conclusion: This study reinforces the critical role of lifestyle modifications particularly dietary changes and increased physical activity in managing T2DM. Comprehensive lifestyle interventions are more likely to yield meaningful improvements in glycaemic control.

Contribution: This study highlights the importance of developing and scaling up multifaceted, sustainable strategies to support long-term lifestyle change in individuals living with T2DM.


Keywords

dietary patterns; diabetes; dietary interventions; T2DM; glaecemic control; nutritional strategies; non-communicable diseases

Sustainable Development Goal

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

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